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- ***********************************************************
- * Nuclear hormones receptors DNA-binding region signature *
- ***********************************************************
-
- Receptors for steroid, thyroid, and retinoid hormones belong to a family of
- nuclear trans-acting transcriptional regulatory factors [1,2,3,4,5]. In
- vertebrates, these proteins regulate diverse biological processes such as
- pattern formation, cellular differentiation and homeostasis. Proteins
- currently known to belong to this family are listed below (references are only
- provided for recently determined sequences).
-
- - Androgen receptor (AR).
- - Estrogen receptor (ER).
- - Glucocorticoid receptor (GR).
- - Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).
- - Progesterone receptor (PR).
- - Retinoic acid receptors alpha, beta (hap), and gamma.
- - Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) alpha and beta.
- - The avian erythroblastosis virus oncogene v-erbA, derived from a cellular
- thyroid hormone receptor.
- - Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR).
- - Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR).
- - COUP transcription factor (also known as ear-3), and its Drosophila
- homolog seven-up (svp).
- - Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), which binds to DNA sites required for
- the transcription of the genes for alpha-1-antitrypsin, apolipoprotein CIII
- and transthyretin.
- - Ad4BP, a protein that binds to the Ad4 site found in the promoter region of
- steroidogenic P450 genes.
- - Apolipoprotein AI regulatory protein-1 (ARP-1), required for the
- transcription of apolipoprotein AI.
- - Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), a putative transcription
- factor specifically activated by peroxisome proliferators.
- - Drosophila protein knirps (kni), a zygotic gap protein required for
- abdominal segmentation of the Drosophila embryo.
- - Drosophila ecdysone receptor (ecr).
- - Drosophila protein ultraspiracle (usp) (or chorion factor 1), which binds
- to the promoter region of s15 chorion gene.
-
- As well as a number of proteins whose function is not yet known:
-
- - Human estrogen receptor related genes 1 and 2 (err1 and err2).
- - Human erbA related gene 2 (ear-2).
- - Human NAK1 / mouse nur/77 (N10) / rat NGFI-B.
- - Drosophila protein embryonic gonad (egon).
- - Drosophila knirps-related protein (knrl).
- - Drosophila protein tailless (tll).
- - Drosophila 20-oh-ecdysone regulated protein E75.
- - Drosophila Dhr3.
-
- These proteins all share a conserved cysteine-rich DNA-binding region of some
- 65 residues. This region has been predicted to fold into two 'C4'-type zinc
- fingers. A consensus representation of the DNA-binding domain is shown in the
- following figure:
-
- <----Zinc-finger----> <------Zinc-Finger------>
- C.LC.D.AAG.HF...AC..CK.FF.R.........C.....C.I.K..R..C..CR..KC...GM
- I E SSC Y S A V Q R
- V TT T
-
- As a signature pattern for this family of proteins, we took the most conserved
- residues, the first 27, of the DNA-binding domain.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-x(2)-C-x-[DE]-x(5)-H-[FY]-x(4)-C-x(2)-C-x(2)-F-F-x-R
- [The four C's are zinc ligands]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Evans R.M.
- Science 240:889-895(1988).
- [ 2] Gehring U.
- Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:399-402(1987).
- [ 3] Beato M.
- Cell 56:335-344(1989).
- [ 4] Segraves W.A.
- Cell 67:225-228(1991).
- [ 5] Laudet V., Haenni C., Coll J., Catzeflis F., Stehelin D.
- EMBO J. 11:1003-1013(1992).
-